Plessy vs Ferguson - African American History Essay

1892

The U.S. Supreme Court: the highest court in the land. Their job: to decide the constitutionality of cases. But is that what they are really doing? Can we trust that their decisions are just? Two important cases in history can help answer this question. A 1896 U.S. Supreme Court case, Plessy v. Ferguson, made facilities and schools separate based on race. In another case in 1954, Brown v. Board of Education, the court reversed its decision and said that separate was not equal. These two cases teach two lessons about the U.S. Supreme Court. Plessy shows that our justice system has failed at times to establish justice. Brown shows that even though the Court rules justly, justice isn't guaranteed.

Many events led up to Plessy v. Ferguson. For example: after the Congress withdrew federal troops from the South in 1877, conditions for blacks deteriorated. The government pushed blacks into an inferior position. The government took action to prevent blacks from voting immediately.

They embarked poll taxes, "grandfather clauses". They also segregated on trains, in parks, schools, restaurants, theaters, swimming pools, and even cemeteries. If blacks broke these segregation laws, they were likely to end up either in prison or dead!

The case of Plessy v. Ferguson was a very important case in American History because it enforced segregation even making it legal, and made segregation a concrete reality for the people of the United States. It began with a man called Homer Plessy. Plessy was 7/8 white and only had 1/8 drop of black blood in him, but under Louisiana law, was considered black. In 1890, Louisiana passed a law providing that "all railway companies carrying passengers in their coaches in this state shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races, by providing two or more passenger coaches for each passenger train, or by dividing the passenger coaches by a partition so as to secure separate accommodations." Plessy believed that the law was unjust and so he challenged the law by refusing to leave the white railroad car. He was arrested and taken to trial. At this trial he argued that the Separate Car Act violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. But he was found guilty. Plessy then appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of Louisiana. Again his case was upheld. Plessy appealed again in 1896 to the Supreme Court of the United States. Homer Plessy was found guilty once again. The impact of the court's decision was a harsh one. It created a reality that was a nightmare to many. Their lives would be changed dramatically. They would officially be separated and considered low down in society.

Plessy v. Ferguson was the law of the land until 1954, when it was finally, successfully overturned by Brown v. Board of Education. In 1954, a little girl named Linda Brown in Topeka, Kansas had to walk 5 miles to school. She didn't get recess and could not play with any of the other children who were all white. Her parents filed a case to the U.S. Supreme Court saying that there is no way blacks and whites could get equal education if they were separated. The court ruled that separate is not equal.

The amount of time between Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education shows just how long it took to get justice for blacks from the Supreme Court. It amazes me that our government could even question if blacks have the right to justice. It should be basic knowledge for us to know that it is wrong to treat any people so unjustly. Just to prove my point here are some questions you can ask yourself: are blacks human beings just like whites? Do blacks and whites both have feelings and needs? And finally, is the only difference between blacks and whites is that they have a different complexion? I am confused as to why so many people, including Justices on our Supreme Court would not answer yes to all these questions. How could anyone who had any intelligence think it was acceptable to treat blacks differently?

Fortunately the Court did come to its senses in Brown v. Board of Education. Yet just because The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that separate is not equal it did not mean that blacks were automatically treated equally. After Brown v. Board of Education happened, there needed to be the Civil Rights Movement, in which many people were involved to push society to change. Two people who led the Civil Rights Movement were Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. We must acknowledge that it wasn't only those people, there were others working and helping the same cause. There were many ways that they impacted The Civil Rights Movement. They gave speeches, wrote letters, led marches, held meetings and many other strategies. They also endured mental and physical hardships. Only through the Civil Rights Movement did the promise of Brown actually get achieved. These people were poor, wealthy, high class, low class, black, some white, short and tall. Basically, there was a wide range of different kinds of people. Not everyone automatically changed their frame of mind when The U.S. Supreme Court ruled separate is not equal. There were still many people out there who were racist and wanted to keep blacks in an inferior position.

1892

The U.S. Supreme Court: the highest court in the land. Their job: to decide the constitutionality of cases. But is that what they are really doing? Can we trust that their decisions are just? Two important cases in history can help answer this question. A 1896 U.S. Supreme Court case, Plessy v. Ferguson, made facilities and schools separate based on race. In another case in 1954, Brown v. Board of Education, the court reversed its decision and said that separate was not equal. These two cases teach two lessons about the U.S. Supreme Court. Plessy shows that our justice system has failed at times to establish justice. Brown shows that even though the Court rules justly, justice isn't guaranteed.

Many events led up to Plessy v. Ferguson. For example: after the Congress withdrew federal troops from the South in 1877, conditions for blacks deteriorated. The government pushed blacks into an inferior position. The government took action to prevent blacks from voting immediately.

They embarked poll taxes, "grandfather clauses". They also segregated on trains, in parks, schools, restaurants, theaters, swimming pools, and even cemeteries. If blacks broke these segregation laws, they were likely to end up either in prison or dead!

The case of Plessy v. Ferguson was a very important case in American History because it enforced segregation even making it legal, and made segregation a concrete reality for the people of the United States. It began with a man called Homer Plessy. Plessy was 7/8 white and only had 1/8 drop of black blood in him, but under Louisiana law, was considered black. In 1890, Louisiana passed a law providing that "all railway companies carrying passengers in their coaches in this state shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races, by providing two or more passenger coaches for each passenger train, or by dividing the passenger coaches by a partition so as to secure separate accommodations." Plessy believed that the law was unjust and so he challenged the law by refusing to leave the white railroad car. He was arrested and taken to trial. At this trial he argued that the Separate Car Act violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. But he was found guilty. Plessy then appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of Louisiana. Again his case was upheld. Plessy appealed again in 1896 to the Supreme Court of the United States. Homer Plessy was found guilty once again. The impact of the court's decision was a harsh one. It created a reality that was a nightmare to many. Their lives would be changed dramatically. They would officially be separated and considered low down in society.

Plessy v. Ferguson was the law of the land until 1954, when it was finally, successfully overturned by Brown v. Board of Education. In 1954, a little girl named Linda Brown in Topeka, Kansas had to walk 5 miles to school. She didn't get recess and could not play with any of the other children who were all white. Her parents filed a case to the U.S. Supreme Court saying that there is no way blacks and whites could get equal education if they were separated. The court ruled that separate is not equal.

The amount of time between Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education shows just how long it took to get justice for blacks from the Supreme Court. It amazes me that our government could even question if blacks have the right to justice. It should be basic knowledge for us to know that it is wrong to treat any people so unjustly. Just to prove my point here are some questions you can ask yourself: are blacks human beings just like whites? Do blacks and whites both have feelings and needs? And finally, is the only difference between blacks and whites is that they have a different complexion? I am confused as to why so many people, including Justices on our Supreme Court would not answer yes to all these questions. How could anyone who had any intelligence think it was acceptable to treat blacks differently?

Fortunately the Court did come to its senses in Brown v. Board of Education. Yet just because The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that separate is not equal it did not mean that blacks were automatically treated equally. After Brown v. Board of Education happened, there needed to be the Civil Rights Movement, in which many people were involved to push society to change. Two people who led the Civil Rights Movement were Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. We must acknowledge that it wasn't only those people, there were others working and helping the same cause. There were many ways that they impacted The Civil Rights Movement. They gave speeches, wrote letters, led marches, held meetings and many other strategies. They also endured mental and physical hardships. Only through the Civil Rights Movement did the promise of Brown actually get achieved. These people were poor, wealthy, high class, low class, black, some white, short and tall. Basically, there was a wide range of different kinds of people. Not everyone automatically changed their frame of mind when The U.S. Supreme Court ruled separate is not equal. There were still many people out there who were racist and wanted to keep blacks in an inferior position.


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The Role of Technology in Education

In the current age we live in, technology has become an important component. Every day there is some new gadget or software that makes lives easier and improves on the technology and software that already exists. Making lives easier is not, however, the only role technology plays in our lives.

Technology is playing an increasing role in education. As technology advances, it is used to benefit students of all ages in the learning process.

Technology used in the classroom helps students adsorb the material. For example, since some people are visual learners, projection screens linked to computers can allow students to see their notes instead of simply listening to a teacher deliver a lecture.

Software can be used to supplement class curriculum. The programs provide study questions, activities, and even tests and quizzes for a class that can help students continue learning outside the classroom.

Technology has also become part of many curriculums, even outside of computer and technology classes. Students use computers to create presentations and use the Internet to research topics for papers and essays.

Students also learn to use the technology available to them in computer and tech classes. This ensures that after graduation they will be able to use the technology in a work setting, which may put them ahead of someone who didn't have access to a particular technology or software in their own school setting.

As technology advances, students have better access to educational opportunities like these. When something new and "better" is revealed, the "older" technology becomes more affordable, allowing it to be used in educational settings, even when schools are on a tight budget.

Technology has also advanced to help children even before they've started school. Educational video games and systems for young children helps them prepare for school and in some cases get a head start on their education.

There are people who may say children are "spoiled" by technology. Instead of being able to add a long column of numbers in their heads, for example, they turn to a calculator. Regardless of these arguments, technology is an important part of today's society. By incorporating it into the classroom, students will be better equipped to transition from the classroom to the work place.


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Counseling Continuing Education - Get Online to Help Expand Your Knowledge in the Field

Whether you only have a few courses you want to take, or a lot, going online is a great idea. Many times, people get caught up in their day-to-day lives and cannot make time to go sit in a classroom for hours on end. Yet, if you decide to take your counseling continuing education courses online, you have a lot more flexibility. It's a good idea to explore some of the other benefits of taking classes online to help you expand your knowledge.

Easy
Every day, you want to do all you can to help other people. However, you need to constantly keep yourself up-to-date on what's current in your field. That's why it's always a good idea to keep learning and to take a few classes to help further your knowledge.

When it comes to counseling continuing education classes, an easy way to get started is by simply going online and registering for a few courses. Once you sign up and get registered, you will be surprised at how easy it is to get the information that you need. The great thing is that you don't need to stand in long lines for registration, or walk from building to building. Everything you need is at the push of a button.

Helpful
At first, online courses may seem a bit scary to some people. However, once you get started, you'll soon learn that it's so useful to you and extremely helpful in your field. Many times, these online classrooms tend to mimic traditional classrooms. There ways for you to interact with other students through forums and you can also communicate with your instructor when needed. At the end of the counseling continuing education course, you would have the information and knowledge that you need to further your career.

An assortment of learning tools
When deciding to learn online, there are a number of learning tools you can access. For example, you may like to listen to your coursework as opposed to trying to read it. Many online classrooms offer ways for you to download information in audio formats.

This way, you can take your information with you and can listen to it using headphones. However, if you like to read and study information regarding counseling continuing education, it is easy for you to listen to lessons via electronic documents such as a PDF. Regardless, there's sure to be something available that you can use to help you with your learning.

Credibility
Deciding to get your knowledge online can be a bit scary, especially if you have been out of school for a while. However when it comes to your career, it's best to get out of your comfort zone and decide to take the leap into learning online.

That's because learning online is fast, easy and it's also credible. Many people are concerned about whether or not the courses will be just as credible as courses you've taken in a traditional classroom setting. You can rest assured that taking counseling continuing education courses online is just as valuable as getting your knowledge in an actual classroom.

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5 Rules to Write Effectively for Magazine Editors and Clients

A good freelance writer should acquire new writing skills to guarantee a long term success in this field. It is also imperative to understand that given these all essential qualities, a freelance writer must write effectively in various writing tasks. As every task is different and require different solution. Let us understand it from the example:

Writing a research paper uses entirely different tools than writing an advertising copy for promoting sales of a product. The latter requires you to give information about benefits you can derive from the product, with an attracting and interesting layout, minimal text, use of graphics, including tactics to endorse customers to take action to buy the advertised product. While the former an in-depth research paper which requires an in-depth knowledge on the topic of interest. An extensive research is required to support your facts and attain reliability. Target audience may vary from students, to scientists, to big organizations. Hence the writing needs of both these jobs are entirely different.

Thus it is now evident that the secret to effective writing requires an organized effort. In other words, you should find out, what are you writing about? Who are you writing to? Why are you writing?

Let's explore a step by step procedure that will help us identify various writing needs specific to our job and to develop quality writing.

Process to Develop Quality Writing

As of now you are well aware of the importance of writing a quality article. But the question is how? How can we develop a quality article? There are no hard and fast rules for freelancer writers, as every job is different from the previous but we can off course follow a proper procedure to write a quality article. Let's see a step by step procedure of effectively developing quality content.

1) Understand the basic need of the job:

The first and foremost step before starting to write anything is to know the purpose. You should be well aware of the purpose of the job and your clients' expectations from you. Also as freelance writing is very vast, you should know the type of article you are required to prepare. For example writing a research paper will entirely be different from writing an advertisement as discussed in the example above.

2) Know your audience:

Your audience is your end users and the success of your job depends on their viewership. It is crucial to know about your audience and their interests.

3) Brainstorm and develop a manuscript:

Before starting to write anything it is always advisable to develop an outline and format of your copy.

4) Create a quality content:

A great deal of hard work and thinking is required to generate a piece of good quality content. You should choose your words carefully. Express your ideas with elegance, while being direct and persuasive. Some tasks require you to call for action for example feedback, calling to place an order etc. so customize your text according to the specialized need of your task.


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Augmented Reality - Useful Information To Know

Basically, augmented reality can be considered as a modern type of virtual reality. When there is simulation of physical aspects of real world with imaginary thoughts using touch, sight and sound creating computer generated 3D settings, it is known as virtual world. Imagine you are in a store and see products using 3D system on the computer screens where you can point any product and move it in every angle. This is a marvelous experience indeed! This is the latest technology ruling the marketing world, and since past four years it has been given the name as Augmented Realty. Presently, AR is not just limited to be a promotional tool, as it is now creating brand and building customer relationship. Almost every company has started using AR as a major tool for introducing products/services in the market and to create their own brand image.

Due to the lack of academic literature as well as research studies in the area of Augmented Reality marketing, this article will begin by emphasizing on the little research as well as small number of research papers associated with experimental marketing that creates the basis and elements of this research study. Economists hypothesize that the modern world connects itself strongly to the elements of "experience economy", which means that customers are more inclined towards experimental consumption. In this type of behavior, customers usually consider functional utility as an irrelevant aspect. This is the stage where experiential marketing comes into effect and treats consumption as a kind of holistic experience as well as recognizes consumption's rational and emotional drivers.

The significance of experiential marketing is seen as a method of building value for the end consumers, which in turn would provide an added advantage to the companies, particularly in the future. In addition, it will also encourage consumers to make quicker and more optimistic purchase decisions. Nevertheless, even though the new advertising orientation is broadly agreed to symbolize the future of marketing, it is still not completely understandable. And, for this reason it needs more assorted range of research techniques in order to understand the consumers in a better way.

The making of experiential value hinting towards consumer's view point on service/products through direct or indirect scrutiny has been lately shown by two quantitative researches. The two studies focused on US brands and their consumer's view points in the market of Taiwan. In addition, these researches have demonstrated that the experimental value build can attract consumer satisfaction Nevertheless, more studies is required to reproduce their outcomes on other cultures as well. And, it is also necessary in order to further look into the links revealed through qualitative researches. The link between consumer satisfaction and values is additionally endorsed by various research outcomes which suggest that experiential advertisement should deliver functional value, emotional value, and positive consumer satisfaction as well.

Despite a clear and broad agreement on the straight link between consumer satisfaction and value, there is no consensus when it comes to the elements that build up the consumer's perceived value. On the other hand, if the consumers are satisfied with a particular product then usually they would purchase the product again as well as stay away from purchasing from rivals in the market. Consumer satisfaction is mostly viewed from two different viewpoints, which are - cumulative aspects and transaction-specific. Even though the cumulative aspect of consumer satisfaction is believed an entire condition only after purchase, a recognized value takes place at different stages during the process of purchasing, which includes the pre-purchase stage as well.

Augmented reality is modernized version of VR or virtual reality. There are several benefits of Augmented Reality applications, some of them are:

• Though the originality of these applications diminish after much use, however at present the onus is with brands as they can now take advantage of this technology and create more products with ease. Augmented reality is getting increasingly popular with many companies, with every new creation there is possibility of additional advancement and exposure.

• With Augmented reality one can upload their version of media like images or other creativity. Companies can come up with their own piece of innovation for their users, one can choose from images and videos as they include x-factor.

• Companies can improve their creation and share them with networks; one can even include attractive contents.

• It is pretty common that many users do not have the ability to create professional videos; however with augmented reality apps one can reach to a greater extent.


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A Reflection on Developmentally Appropriate Practice

Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) has been seen by many as the cornerstone of Early Childhood education since the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) published the guidelines in 1987. The guidelines have been used widely in educare settings such as preschool and schools, with many educators accepting DAP as best practice for educating young children. Whilst DAP has been an highly successful approach for some educators, other alternative approaches to educating young children have recently been identified. Also, many criticisms of the DAP guidelines as they were originally written have been published. Two alternative discourses to Developmentally Appropriate Practice will be considered in this paper. These alternative discourses include an academic approach to early childhood education and the identified cultural bias of Developmentally Appropriate Practice.

NAEYC's Position Statement (1987) suggests that children learn most effectively through a concrete, play oriented approach to early childhood education (p36). A child-oriented, play based program should address the physical, social, emotional and cognitive needs of the children enrolled in the program. This type of program has been recognised by many as best practice in the education of young children. In practice, this may mean that children spend much of their day engaged in active, meaningful play with toys, their peers, craft materials, blocks, paints, adults, outdoor equipment, books and other useful equipment. Play can be seen as beneficial in terms of children's learning as it challenges them to create, collaborate, problem solve, predict, reflect and enhances their ability to communicate (Education Queensland, 2003).

Alternatively, there are educational programs for young children consisting of direct instruction that do not view play as a valid form of learning. These programs focus primarily on academic achievement (Spodek, Saracho, & Davis, 1987, p178). Academic programs may focus on skill and drills, learning of basic isolated facts and completing worksheets. Kessler (1992, p21) suggested that the increasingly academic nature of early childhood programs is due to their inclusion within school campuses. Academic programs are teaching children the concepts and skills that were previously taught in the first year of formal schooling. Play is often used within these programs as a form of relaxation after the children have completed their set work, rather than as valuable and meaningful learning experiences.

Elkind states that children learn best through direct encounters with their world rather than through formal education involving the inculcation of symbolic rules (1986, p1). These symbolic rules may include writing and number systems, which are extensively taught as part of academic programs. The children enrolled in these programs may have little opportunity to construct knowledge or understandings for themselves. Letters and numbers may be taught in rote like fashion, rather than construction of concepts (Kessler, 1992, p29). Teachers within these academic contexts may provide too much highly structured formal education for young children. Teaching methods can be too formal and are generally considered inappropriate for young children (Cotton & Conklin p1). These formal, content-centred teaching methods may involve a lot of seatwork and children will regularly engage in whole class activities. Less time will be devoted to play due to its apparent lack of educational value (Grover, 2001, p1). Play based, child centred programs provide a more open and flexible curriculum which should be more suited to meeting the educational needs of young children.

The type of program that teachers implement, either play based or academic may be impacted by many things including expectations of the school community. Given the context of the learning environment, different approaches to teaching and learning may be expected. My experiences have been impacted by the expectations of the centre and school administration and the parents of the children enrolled in the programs.

During my time as a preschool teacher working in a long day care centre, I was expected to implement a child centred, play based program based on DAP principles. A developmentally appropriate program was expected and encouraged by centre staff, administration and parents. Parents were encouraging of this approach and none requested a more formal, content based approach.

Alternatively I had a very different experience teaching a combined Preschool/ Transition class in a state school within a remote Aboriginal community. The school administration, staff and parents expected that the Early Childhood programs would be content based using formal teaching methods. A play based, developmentally appropriate program was actively resisted by the parents and they believed that the children were wasting their time engaging in play based learning experiences. Eventually I implemented a more formal academic style program, whilst still incorporating as many play based activities as possible. School learning, for this community meant children sitting at desks, completing worksheets, and learning the English writing and number systems. It also involved in whole class learning. Play was seen as a reward for working hard on academic tasks, not as a meaningful and engaging way of learning about the world.


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Questions about Yoga Teacher Training via Correspondence

Recently, I spoke to a Yoga teacher intern about Yoga teacher training correspondence courses. He had six years of formal training with a master Yoga teacher (Guru), and currently, lives outside of North America. This interview will help to put some light on Yoga teacher training by correspondence.

Q: Will a Yoga teacher training correspondence package make me competent enough to teach Yoga? This is bearing in mind that, at this time, I do not have access to a local Yoga instructor, who can supervise my Yoga teacher training?

A: Yes, your past experience will help, but the Yoga teacher training course must be entirely complete, and if you wanted to send an early pre-exam video, or DVD, to monitor your progress the director of Yoga teacher training should review for free, or for a small fee.

A mirror, camera, and audio recorder also make great learning tools for monitoring your progress, while you prepare to become a Yoga teacher.

Do not judge yourself too harshly. This is a common reaction, when we record anything we do. When you can get by our own self-criticism; you will be on the path to become a Yoga teacher.

Within your Yoga teacher training course, there should be step-by-step instructions, numerous Yoga resources, and you should also be guided in the direction of additional Yoga teaching resources.

In fact, any time you have a question, you should be able to send an email and receive a timely reply. It is also good if you can get answers over the phone.

Q: On receipt of Yoga correspondence course material how do I proceed with my Yoga teacher training? What do I need to have in order to fully benefit from the Yoga instructor training material?

A: Upon receipt of your Yoga training course material, you should receive step-by-step instructions - however, let's go over the highlights of a typical Yoga teacher certification course.

1) You would want to focus on your written exam first. If you had a 900 page Yoga book to read, for the written exam; set a goal of reading a realistic amount of pages each day. For example: if you were to read 10 pages per day - within 3 months - you should have your written exam complete.

2) You should have developed a complete lesson plan for your Yoga class within the material of your written exam. As harsh as this may sound: Essay exams will teach you more.

Multiple choice or true / false exams are a "process of elimination," and over the long-term, the facts you learn may be easily forgotten. A Yoga teacher written exam should be a measurement of what a Yoga teacher should know.

3) There might also be, at least, one essay. For example: You might pick a health topic to write about for your essay (3 pages - typed). It could be an overview of Yoga, and its relationship to health, or it could be Yoga and its relationship to a specific ailment.

4) Once you have your Yoga lesson plan template, you can start to refine it for your practical exam (video or DVD). As far as VCD's, or DVD's, make sure the examiner can read any format - from any part of the world.

5) In your Yoga course, there should also be a number of continuing education resources, for Yoga teachers.

You should not get side tracked by these during the Yoga certification process. Therefore, focus on your Yoga teacher written exam, the essay, and the practical exam first - and in that order.

Q: What Yoga teacher training level should I start from, and how do I proceed to the next Yoga teacher levels?

A: You should start with a Level 1, 200-hour minimum, Yoga teacher training course.

Q: Are there additional costs in correspondence Yoga teacher courses, which I need to be aware before I start the training, so that I can factor them in?

For International Yoga teacher interns, the only additional cost should be, shipping, and if customs charges an Import Fee, on educational materials. However, you should always ask about extra fees; just to be sure.

Q: I have developed a strong awareness of the benefits of Yoga. There are no Yoga teachers in my locality. Can my Yoga training develop my awareness into a life long career, as a Yoga instructor?

A: To be honest - Yoga teacher certification is only the first step in the journey of teaching Yoga. As you progress - you will either do independent research or take more Yoga courses.

This is the way it is for all Yoga teachers. Most of the time, we tend to focus on finding answers and helping our Yoga students, who have ailments. As a result, you will most likely research Yoga techniques for helping your students.


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